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How Do Softeners Work?

Regardless of who made it, or what high tech gismo you've got hanging on it, softeners only do one of two things, they either soften water, or regenerate water(clean/filter). Lets first look at what happens when the unit is Softening water. This is generally referred to as being in service. How softeners are cleaned

In Service: The softener is in this position for most of its working life. Hard water enters the softener through the inlet port of the Control Valve mounted on top of the closed tank (resin vessel) and is directed onto the resin bed. The water flows through the resin bed giving up its Calcium and Magnesium, on the way collecting Sodium in return. It then passes through the collector at the tank base, up the central riser tube and out through the control valve into the household pipework. This process continues until such time that the resin becomes so saturated with Calcium and Magnesium collected that no more water can be softened. At this point, a regeneration is needed if the softener is to continue to work.

Backwash: The first stage of regeneration is a backwashing or resin bed cleaning. it is basically a resin bed regrading and loosening operation. It also serves to remove any organic matter collected. The direction of flow at the inlet and outlet ports is unchanged however, water at the outlet port is now hard. Hard because most softeners cannot produce soft water while regenerating. Flow is now down the central riser and up through the resin. The water exits the softener via the drain hose to waste.

Brine and Rinse: This step of the regeneration does the actual cleaning of the resin. It is the longest sequence of the entire operation taking 50 minutes in the older softeners and 25 minutes in the newer ones. The cycle is split into two phases. The first is the drawing of the brine from the salt tank through the resin. You may know that this method of softening is termed "ion exchange". The high sodium in the brine solution is attracted to the resin beads exchanging this time with the collected calcium and magnesium, which is discharged to waste. The reason this part of the regeneration is so long is that the brine is made to pass through the resin at a very slow rate. The longer the brine is in contact with the resin the more efficient the regeneration.

Slow Rinse: The second part of the Brine and Rinse operation is the rinsing part. the brine in the salt tank has been drawn throught the resin and the salt tank emptied. Now only fresh water is being used. this fresh water rinses away the salt, but only slowly so that salt/resin contact time is as long as possible. Ideally this second part takes as long as the Brine draw part. As the Regeneration Valve is sequenced past this operation, the final part of the regeneration starts togo into operation. This is the Fast Rinse cycle.

Refill: You will now see we have come almost a complete circle. This is a timed opeation with water flowing through a fixed orifice. The time the the valve remains open will depend on the amount of brine to be produced for a given quantity of resin hence the size of the softener. This completes the regeneration cycle. All that remains is for the control valve to travel back to the SERVICE position to await the next rengeration.

Not all valves operate in this manner however, the basic regeneration sequence (which is what we were attempting to show) is the same regardless of valve manufacture.

To experience how a softener works, contact your HidroCare professional.